Electroslag remelting (ESR) is an advanced secondary refining technique that has become central to the production of high-quality steel. In this process, a consumable electrode is melted through a ...

The expansion of railroads and manufacturing during the late-19th century sparked strong demand for materials such as iron. However, early processes for refining crude iron ore were labor- and ...

Critical minerals startup Nth Cycle is betting that its modular approach to nickel refining can make the practice viable in ...

The petrochemical and petroleum refining sectors together are worth untold billions of dollars and are vital to the global economy. This industry provides fuels as well as a wide range of consumables, ...